Today, Over-The-Top (OTT) companies such as Amazon, Google, Meta and Microsoft have a clear dominance in most submarine cable routes around the world, whether through their own infrastructure, consortiums or even long-term agreements such as fibre or capacity Indefeasible Rights of Use (IRU) agreements. With recent announcements of new long OTT cable systems in almost every ocean, the gap between OTTs and the telcos is widening every quarter.

Force majeure clauses are vital in submarine cable contracts, adapting to specific risks and jurisdictions to ensure smooth operations.